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Chichén Itzá

Chichén Itzá

Ancient SitesMexicoYucatán,Mexico
Fragile nature — stay on the trail, leave no trace.

A Maya city in Yucatán built around a pyramid with 365 steps, whose equinox sun throws a snake of shadow down the northern staircase.

September·Edge of season

Sep–Oct

The autumn equinox brings the shadow-serpent back in late September. It comes under the year's cloudiest sky: three days in four are overcast or mostly cloudy, and these are the wettest weeks, at the peak of the hurricane season. Crowds thin, and clear skies return only in late October.



Year-round El Castillo, the Great Ball Court, El Caracol and the Sacred Cenote stand in the open every day of the year, and a clap at the staircase still answers with a chirped echo.

Chichén Itzá is a Maya city in the flat limestone scrub of Mexico's Yucatán, built around a pyramid that answers when you clap at it. One clap at the foot of El Castillo's northern staircase comes back as a sharp chirp, matched by acousticians to the call of the quetzal, the bird the Maya held sacred. The pyramid has 365 steps, one for each day of the year, and twice a year it proves the point. On the March and September equinoxes the late sun cuts seven triangles of shadow down the northern balustrade, down to a carved stone snake head at the base. The lawn fills hours beforehand, tens of thousands deep, though it shows faintly for a day or two either side, to a fraction of the crowd. A short path off the plaza ends at the Sacred Cenote, a sinkhole with sheer sides. Yucatán has no rivers; its water runs underground and surfaces only where the rock roof falls in. Into this one the Maya dropped gold, jade and, the excavations say, people, for Chaac, the rain god. There is water under the pyramid too: a 2015 survey found a flooded cenote twenty metres across beneath the foundations, so it was most likely raised over a sacred sinkhole on purpose. It is not solid above ground either: an older pyramid stands inside it, and tunnelling in the 1930s reached a buried temple with a red-painted jaguar throne, jade discs for its eyes. The city keeps working on you at ground level. The Great Ball Court is the largest in the ancient Americas: 135 metres between eight-metre walls carved with the game and the fate of the losing captain. A sound made at one end carries clearly to the other. Beside the Temple of the Warriors stand rows of pillars, each carved with a different warrior; El Caracol, a round tower, tracks Venus through slit windows. You cannot climb the pyramid any more, and it costs you nothing: the serpent comes twice a year, but the chirp answers anyone who stands at the bottom and claps.

Worth knowing

Good to know

  • You can't climb El Castillo — the staircase was closed in 2006 after a fatal fall, so plan to read the pyramid and its serpent balustrades from ground level.
  • The equinox draws tens of thousands onto the lawn for the shadow-serpent; the same effect is faintly visible for several days either side, when the plaza is far calmer.
  • Bring cash for the gate — the site charges two separate fees (federal INAH plus the Yucatán state levy), and cards aren't reliably accepted at the entrance.

Things to do

  1. 1

    Stake out the north lawn for the equinox shadow-serpent

    Stake out the north lawn for the equinox shadow-serpent

    Turn up by mid-afternoon on the March or September equinox and claim a patch of grass facing El Castillo's northern staircase. There the crowd waits for the descending band of light and shadow to link up with the carved serpent head at the base. For elbow room, come a day or two either side of the date, when the effect still shows faintly with a fraction of the people. Bring water and a hat — there's almost no shade on the open plaza while you wait.

  2. 2

    Wander the Temple of the Warriors' Thousand Columns

    Wander the Temple of the Warriors' Thousand Columns

    Row upon row of carved stone pillars, once bearing a wooden roof, stretch beside the stepped Temple of the Warriors. Each column was carved with a different warrior in relief — walking their full length is the closest thing to strolling through a Maya military parade ground.

  3. 3

    Peer into the Sacred Cenote

    Peer into the Sacred Cenote

    A vast natural sinkhole connected to the underground rivers of the Yucatán, the Cenote Sagrado was where the Maya cast gold, jade, and, according to archaeological finds, human offerings to the rain god Chaac. A short jungle path leads from the main plaza straight to its sheer limestone rim.

  4. 4

    Study the sky at El Caracol observatory

    Study the sky at El Caracol observatory

    This round tower's slit windows align with the movements of Venus, tracking a planet the Maya followed with obsessive precision for ritual and agricultural calendars. Its spiral interior staircase gave the building its Spanish nickname — el caracol, 'the snail.'

  5. 5

    Stand in the Great Ball Court and test its whisper echo

    Stand in the Great Ball Court and test its whisper echo

    This is the largest ball court in the ancient Americas, with walls eight metres high on either side. The reliefs carved along them show the ritual game the Maya called pok-ta-pok, and they are read as evidence that the losing captain was sacrificed. Clap at one end and the sound is said to carry clearly to the other, 135 metres away.

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