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The trail grinds up loose volcanic scree to a steaming crater rim, where the whole bay, the neighbouring volcanoes, and the Pacific open out far below.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F232\u002Fe2.webp","Vladimir Andreev \u002F Pexels",{"title":195,"description":196,"imageUrl":197,"attribution":198},"Cruise the Pacific sea-bird cliffs","Board a boat along Kamchatka's wild Pacific coast, where green slopes plunge straight into the ocean and jagged sea stacks rise from the swell. Puffins and kittiwakes wheel around the cliffs, and sea otters and seals surface in the cold, clear water.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F232\u002Fe3.webp","SnapSaga \u002F Unsplash",{"title":200,"description":201,"imageUrl":202,"attribution":181},"Soar over the volcanoes by helicopter","Lift off across vast, snow-dappled tundra and follow rows of volcanic cones from the air, the only way to reach much of the interior. Below you the caldera lakes, steaming vents, and lava flows unfold in a single sweep no road could ever show.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F232\u002Fe4.webp",{"title":204,"description":205,"imageUrl":206,"attribution":207},"Walk the fresh Tolbachik lava fields","Cross the vast black lava plains around Tolbachik, freshened by its 2012–13 eruption and so barren that Soviet engineers once tested lunar rovers on these fields. In the pastel evening light, the surrounding cones fade into cloud above ground that looks freshly poured.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F232\u002Fe5.webp","Anna Shvets \u002F Pexels",{"title":209,"description":210,"imageUrl":211,"attribution":212},"Watch bears fish the salmon run at Kuril Lake","In late summer, sit on a raised platform above Kuril Lake and watch brown bears wade the shallows for spawning sockeye, sometimes a dozen in view at once. It is one of the densest bear gatherings on the planet, close enough to hear the splash.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F232\u002Fe-3995.webp","Harald Deischinger from Schlatt, Austria \u002F CC BY 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",{"title":214,"description":215,"imageUrl":216,"attribution":217},"Stand among the erupting geysers","Walk the boardwalks through the Valley of Geysers, a steaming green canyon reachable only by helicopter, where jets of boiling water burst from the earth on their own timetable. Steam curls off sulphur-stained slopes and hot streams run past your feet.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F232\u002Fe-3996.webp","Zarmel \u002F CC BY-SA 3.0 — Wikimedia Commons",[219,224,229],{"boxType":220,"title":221,"body":222,"deepBody":223,"sourceNote":156},"geology","Where two plates collide","Kamchatka rides the Pacific Ring of Fire, where the Pacific plate grinds beneath the edge of Asia and feeds the peninsula's long line of volcanoes.","The Pacific plate dives under Kamchatka at roughly eight centimetres a year, one of the fastest subduction rates on Earth, melting rock that rises to build the cones and drive the geysers below. That same relentless motion also makes the peninsula one of the most earthquake-prone corners of Russia.",{"boxType":225,"title":226,"body":227,"deepBody":228,"sourceNote":156},"history","The valley that was half-buried","In June 2007 a colossal mudslide roared down the Valley of Geysers, burying about two-thirds of it under rock and debris in a matter of minutes.","Some 20 million cubic metres of earth dammed the Geysernaya River and drowned several geysers beneath a new lake. Yet the valley proved resilient: the largest geyser, Velikan, was spared, water levels later fell, and buried features slowly re-emerged. 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It lasts long enough to matter: late in the summer dozens of bears work the same stretch of shallows at once, eating hard before the winter.",[235,240,245,250,255,259,265],{"phenomenon":236,"peakMonths":237,"note":238,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":90},"salmonrun",[120,125,161],"Each summer millions of salmon fight upriver to spawn, and Kamchatka's brown bears — the densest population on Earth — line the banks to haul them out.",false,{"phenomenon":241,"peakMonths":242,"note":243,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":244},"chapter_quiet",[90,95],"The deep-freeze months: bears are denned, the geyser and Kuril Lake flights don't run, and the interior is locked under snow. But the city stays open, and from 1 February dog-sled teams and snowmobiles cross the frozen foothills to thermal springs.",50,{"phenomenon":246,"peakMonths":247,"note":248,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":249},"chapter_peak",[100,105,110],"Kamchatka's second high season runs from early March to mid-May, when helicopters drop skiers onto the flanks of active volcanoes. The powder is deepest through March and April, and steam vents smoke beside the ski runs. The Beringia sled-dog race is held in March, and by May the first bears come out onto the slopes.",51,{"phenomenon":251,"peakMonths":252,"note":253,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":254},"chapter_edge",[115],"The in-between month: the ski helicopters have stopped and deep snow still blocks the high interior routes and the geyser flights. But lower Avachinsky opens to climbers — thousands make the mass sunrise ascent around 21 June — and the tundra begins to green.",52,{"phenomenon":246,"peakMonths":256,"note":257,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":258},[120,125,161],"The classic window, and the only one in which the interior fully opens. Helicopters reach the Valley of Geysers and Kuril Lake. Volcanoes are climbable and the tundra blooms warm underfoot.",53,{"phenomenon":241,"peakMonths":260,"note":263,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":264},[261,262,130],10,11,"Autumn closes the season fast: through October weather grounds the geyser and bear flights for good, the hiking trails and reserve permits end, and winter sets in. Petropavlovsk and its volcano views stay reachable by air, but the interior wilderness is shutting down.",54,{"phenomenon":266,"peakMonths":267,"note":268,"requiresDarkSky":239,"sortOrder":269},"baseline",[],"Over 300 volcanoes — 29 still active — steam and stand across the peninsula every day of the year. 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