[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"categories-en":3,"dest-720e74f9a362":144,"detail-extra-34":171,"travel-countries-en":253},[4,9,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49,54,59,64,69,74,79,84,89,94,99,104,109,114,119,124,129,134,139],{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"color":8},15,"river","Rivers & Streams","#14B8A6",{"id":10,"slug":11,"name":12,"color":13},16,"coast","Coasts & Cliffs","#0891B2",{"id":15,"slug":16,"name":17,"color":18},17,"fjord","Fjords","#6366F1",{"id":20,"slug":21,"name":22,"color":23},18,"valley","Valleys","#22C55E",{"id":25,"slug":26,"name":27,"color":28},19,"volcano","Volcanoes & Craters","#EA580C",{"id":30,"slug":31,"name":32,"color":33},20,"wetland","Wetlands & Deltas","#0D9488",{"id":35,"slug":36,"name":37,"color":38},21,"savanna","Savannas & Plains","#EAB308",{"id":40,"slug":41,"name":42,"color":43},22,"rock-formation","Rock Formations","#9A3412",{"id":45,"slug":46,"name":47,"color":48},23,"plateau","Plateaus & Highlands","#84CC16",{"id":50,"slug":51,"name":52,"color":53},24,"ancient-site","Ancient Sites","#B45309",{"id":55,"slug":56,"name":57,"color":58},25,"sacred-site","Sacred Sites","#9333EA",{"id":60,"slug":61,"name":62,"color":63},26,"fortress","Fortresses","#78350F",{"id":65,"slug":66,"name":67,"color":68},27,"engineering","Engineering Marvels","#475569",{"id":70,"slug":71,"name":72,"color":73},28,"monumental-art","Monumental Art","#C026D3",{"id":75,"slug":76,"name":77,"color":78},29,"village","Villages","#F97316",{"id":80,"slug":81,"name":82,"color":83},30,"historic-town","Historic Towns","#E11D48",{"id":85,"slug":86,"name":87,"color":88},31,"unique-settlement","Unique Settlements","#10B981",{"id":90,"slug":91,"name":92,"color":93},1,"waterfall","Waterfalls","#38BDF8",{"id":95,"slug":96,"name":97,"color":98},2,"lake","Lakes","#3B82F6",{"id":100,"slug":101,"name":102,"color":103},3,"beach","Beaches & Coves","#0EA5E9",{"id":105,"slug":106,"name":107,"color":108},4,"mountain","Peaks","#F59E0B",{"id":110,"slug":111,"name":112,"color":113},5,"forest","Forests","#059669",{"id":115,"slug":116,"name":117,"color":118},6,"canyon","Canyons","#EF4444",{"id":120,"slug":121,"name":122,"color":123},7,"cave","Caves","#8B5CF6",{"id":125,"slug":126,"name":127,"color":128},8,"geothermal","Geothermal & Travertines","#F472B6",{"id":130,"slug":131,"name":132,"color":133},12,"ice","Ice Worlds","#60A5FA",{"id":135,"slug":136,"name":137,"color":138},13,"island","Islands","#06B6D4",{"id":140,"slug":141,"name":142,"color":143},14,"desert","Deserts","#D97706",{"id":145,"publicId":146,"slug":147,"name":148,"shortDescription":149,"categoryId":120,"importance":100,"lng":150,"lat":151,"coverImageUrl":152,"country":153,"region":154,"ratingAvg":155,"ratingCount":155,"sensitivity":155,"distanceM":-1,"kind":156,"cityGuideId":157,"description":158,"countryCode":159,"adminArea":157,"elevationM":157,"bestMonths":160,"tips":164,"howToGetThere":157,"youtubeIds":165,"timezone":170,"cityGuideSlug":157,"cityGuidePublicId":157,"cityGuideName":157,"poiTheme":157,"poiNeighborhood":157},34,"720e74f9a362","mammoth-cave","Mammoth Cave","The longest cave on Earth: 685 kilometres of mapped limestone passage under Kentucky, still growing every year, with eyeless animals in its underground streams.",-86.1005,37.1869,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fcover-2d52.webp","United States","Kentucky",0,"nature",null,"Mammoth Cave is the longest cave on Earth, and the reason is that it was never one hollow. More than 685 kilometres of passage have been mapped under the hills of central Kentucky, nearly twice the next longest. The cave is stacked in tiers. As the Green River cut its valley deeper, the water table dropped and the cave cut a new near-level floor at each stage, leaving the older passages dry above. A hard sandstone cap keeps them from collapsing, so dozens of those storeys sit one above another, and you walk the dry upper ones while the river works below. The passages are wide and flat-roofed, more like tunnels than grottoes, and the air holds twelve degrees in every month.\n\nThe Historic Tour follows the route visitors have taken since 1816. It passes the wooden pipes and vats left in 1812 by the enslaved men who mined saltpetre out of the floor, then opens into Broadway, a canyon passage where the ceiling climbs past your lamp and the floor runs level for hundreds of metres. A curtain of flowstone called Frozen Niagara hangs amber in the lights, built drop by drop. In the dry corridors of Cleaveland Avenue, gypsum crystals curl out of the walls like frost, pushed out grain by grain where almost no moisture reaches. In the black streams below live shrimp and fish that have lost their eyes and their colour. At one point the guide turns every lamp off at once, and the dark is complete enough that your eyes never adjust to it and you lose the size of the room. Most of these routes were first found by Stephen Bishop, an enslaved guide who came here as a teenager in the late 1830s. He crossed a pit that had stopped everyone before him, reached the underground river and roughly doubled the known cave, then drew the map from memory. Every survey since has been added to the map he started.","US",[100,105,110,115,120,125,161,162,163],9,10,11,"access|**Reserve a tour before you arrive** — the park runs very different routes, from the short Frozen Niagara walk to the long Grand Avenue trek, each varying in stairs, tight spots and length.\nsafety|**The cave stays at 12°C (54°F) year-round** — bring a light layer even in a summer heatwave, and wear sturdy shoes for the stairs and narrow squeezes like Fat Man's Misery.\nsky|**Mammoth is a certified Dark Sky Park** — after your cave tour, the stars above the surrounding forest rank among the darkest skies in the eastern United States.\ncrowds|**Summer runs the fullest tour schedule** — the widest choice of routes opens June to August, but spring and autumn are far quieter, and the cave underground looks exactly the same.",[166,167,168,169],"GnDGUpko_RE","eW4dHCpCZ90","5fUYxkeTsWw","aFIwOPB8_z8","America\u002FChicago",{"gallery":172,"exps":188,"boxes":209,"seasons":225,"near":251,"peers":252},[173,176,179,182,185],{"url":174,"attribution":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg0-81r9.webp","\"Travertine flowstone-covered column in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 2\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":177,"attribution":178},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg1-ivjx.webp","\"Travertine flowstone-covered stalagmites in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 3\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":180,"attribution":181},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg2-pem.webp","\"Travertine stalactites in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 2\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":183,"attribution":184},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg3-b7uv.webp","\"Gypsum coralloids (cave popcorn; knobstone) (Edwards Avenue, Great Onyx Cave, Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 5\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":186,"attribution":187},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg4-7iks.webp","\"Travertine flowstone-covered columns in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 4\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",[189,194,199,204],{"title":190,"description":191,"imageUrl":192,"attribution":193},"Follow the Historic Tour underground","Trace the route that has carried visitors since 1816, past the wooden pipes and leaching vats left in 1812 by the enslaved men who mined saltpetre here. The way opens into Broadway, a canyon passage where the ceiling climbs beyond your lamp and the level floor runs wide for hundreds of metres. Walking it, you feel what slow water took out of solid limestone.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe1-2fxf.webp","\"Gypsum coralloids (cave popcorn; knobstone) (Edwards Avenue, Great Onyx Cave, Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"title":195,"description":196,"imageUrl":197,"attribution":198},"Stand before Frozen Niagara","Face the towering curtain of flowstone called Frozen Niagara, built drop by drop over thousands of years into what looks like a waterfall frozen solid. Up close the stone seems to ripple and pour, glowing amber where the lights catch it.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe2-9unm.webp","\"Travertine flowstone in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"title":200,"description":201,"imageUrl":202,"attribution":203},"Find the gypsum flowers","In the dry upper passages like Cleaveland Avenue, delicate white crystals of gypsum curl from the walls and ceiling like petals of frost. These fragile blooms grow only where almost no moisture reaches, pushed out of the rock grain by grain.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe4-jijz.webp","\"Gypsum crust on limestone wall in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 11\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"title":205,"description":206,"imageUrl":207,"attribution":208},"Sit in total darkness","At one point the guide turns off every light at once. Hundreds of metres of rock press overhead, and the darkness is so complete that your eyes never adjust; in the silence, with no wind or sound from the surface, you lose all sense of the space around you.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe5-h9f.webp","\"Travertine draperies & stalactites in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",[210,215,220],{"boxType":211,"title":212,"body":213,"deepBody":214,"sourceNote":157},"geology","A cave built in layers","The cave is stacked in levels, not carved as one big hollow — dozens of horizontal tiers of passage sit one above another, drained over time by the river below.","As the Green River cut its valley deeper, the water table dropped and the cave carved a new near-level floor at each stage, leaving older passages high and dry above. Layer upon layer of these tiers, kept intact by the tough sandstone cap, is what adds up to the longest cave on Earth.",{"boxType":216,"title":217,"body":218,"deepBody":219,"sourceNote":157},"history","The guide who doubled the map","Much of what visitors see was first explored by Stephen Bishop, an enslaved man who guided here from the late 1830s and came to know the cave better than anyone alive.","Within about a year of arriving, the teenage Bishop crossed a deep pit that had stopped everyone before him, found the cave's underground river, and roughly doubled its known extent. He named many features still in use today and later drew a detailed map from memory. He was freed in 1856 under John Croghan's will but died the next year, aged about 37.",{"boxType":221,"title":222,"body":223,"deepBody":224,"sourceNote":157},"wildlife","Life without eyes","In the cave's black underground streams live animals that have never needed sight — eyeless, colourless shrimp and fish that spend their whole lives in the dark.","The Kentucky cave shrimp, the northern cavefish and a blind crayfish have adapted so completely that they have lost their eyes and their pigment, feeling their way through cold, lightless water. Some live nowhere else on Earth, and the shrimp is rare enough to be federally protected.",[226,232,237,242,246],{"phenomenon":227,"peakMonths":228,"note":229,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":231},"chapter_quiet",[90,95,130],"Underground nothing has changed: 12°C, no wind, no sound. Above, the Kentucky woods are bare and the park is at its emptiest, so tours are the easiest all year to get a place on — though the park still asks you to book ahead.",false,50,{"phenomenon":233,"peakMonths":234,"note":235,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":236},"chapter_edge",[100,105,110],"The forest above greens up and the longer routes come back onto the schedule. The cave itself is exactly what it was in January; the seasons make no difference underground.",51,{"phenomenon":238,"peakMonths":239,"note":240,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":241},"chapter_peak",[115,120,125],"The whole cave is open to you: the fullest list of tours runs, from the short Frozen Niagara walk to the six-hour Grand Avenue trek, and tickets go weeks ahead. The steady 12°C below is a relief from the heat above.",52,{"phenomenon":233,"peakMonths":243,"note":244,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":245},[161,162,163],"Kentucky's hardwoods turn along the surface trails and the summer queues thin out. Below ground, the same endless maze of dry stone, the same total darkness when the guide kills the lamps.",53,{"phenomenon":247,"peakMonths":248,"note":249,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":250},"baseline",[],"A constant 12°C and total darkness fill Mammoth Cave in every season, so its endless passages look the same in any month. 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